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他汀类药物多效性研究进展           
他汀类药物多效性研究进展

【关键词】  他汀类药物;多效性

他汀类药物为3羟基3甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶抑制剂,临床用于降低胆固醇。随着人们对他汀类药物的深入研究,他汀类药物呈现出令人鼓舞的多效性,包括提高一氧化氮生物利用度、修复受损内皮、抗炎、抗氧化、促新生血管生成、稳定动脉粥样硬化(AS)斑块、动员内皮祖细胞、抑制心肌肥厚,抗心律失常〔1〕等。他汀类药物的多效性作用机制可能与其降脂作用互不关联。因为人们观察到,在降脂作用尚未显现时,他汀类的多效性作用已经发生〔2〕。目前他汀类药物的多效性已成为心血管领域争论和探索的热点,引起了临床医师及科研工作者的广泛关注。

  1  他汀类药物的抗炎作用

    临床研究资料显示他汀类药物能够明显降低患者的多种炎症介质〔3〕,抑制炎症细胞因子、趋化因子和黏附分子的表达,降低C反应蛋白(CRP)的水平。在REVERSAL试验中阿托伐他汀比普伐他汀具有更强的降低CRP的作用〔4〕。新近发表的TARA〔5〕研究表明,阿托伐他汀

  7  他汀类药物预防痴呆的作用

    广泛应用于预防心脏病及脑卒中的他汀类药物,同时具有降低阿尔茨海默病(AD)及其他痴呆症风险系数的功效。服用他汀类药物的患者患痴呆症的可能性比非高脂水平患者及服用其他降脂药的患者少70%。流行病学调研结果也肯定了他汀类药物在降低AD及痴呆危险性方面的重要作用。最近的研究也表明,他汀类可能治疗和预防老年痴呆症〔38〕。脑内胆固醇过高可沉积于海马内,促使淀粉样前体蛋白(APP)降解为β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ),造成神经元变性,从而导致AD〔33〕。有报道显示,AD和血管性痴呆(VD)患者血中24s羟基胆固醇含量增加,反映了脑内TC的内稳态受损。24s羟基胆固醇增加可作为发病和进展的指标,并可能是AD的危险因素〔39〕。一项研究中,用辛伐他汀、洛伐他汀或普伐他汀(均40 mg/d)治疗6 w后,血浆24s羟基胆固醇降低21.4%,24s羟基胆固醇/LDLC比率也显著下降〔40〕。以上治疗提示他汀类药物能减少脑内TC的转化,对神经系统TC的内稳态起着稳定作用〔41〕,能抑制TC的合成,降低TC含量,从而抑制APP的β代谢。有报道阿托伐他汀显著降低APP转基因鼠的Aβ沉积。Frears等的研究表明,洛伐他汀能降低培养神经元内TC,使β和γ分泌酶活性降低,从而使Aβ形成减少,这可能是他汀类药物治疗AD的机制之一。载脂蛋白E(apoE)是胆固醇重要的运载体,是散发性和晚发家族性AD重要的危险因素和遗传标志之一。研究表明细胞内脂质的内稳态在很大程度上受细胞外间隙的apoE脂蛋白转运系统的控制,而细胞内脂质内稳态的变化又明显影响APP和Aβ的产生,与斑块的形成密切相关。作为AD两个最重要的神经病变标志,胆碱能功能异常及Aβ斑块均与脂质内稳态有关,而后者取决于apoE转运系统对脂质的释放〔42〕。星型细胞和小胶质细胞是脑内神经细胞外apoE的主要来源。这些细胞分泌apoE均需要关键性蛋白的异戊二烯化,而MVA是异戊二烯基的前体。他汀类药物能抑制MVA的合成,从而抑制apoE分泌,降低脑内细胞外的apoE水平,从而阻止老年斑块的形成,改善认知功能〔43〕。

  8  他汀类药物促进骨生成的作用

    最近在体外和体内的研究报道显示,他汀类药物影响骨矿物质代谢〔44〕,在不同给药途径的体内实验中他汀类药物促进骨生成作用显效。他们认为他汀类药物促进骨组织合成代谢的同时还抑制骨吸收,调节骨代谢的确切途径尚待研究。他汀类增加表达骨形态发生蛋白2 ,有力刺激成骨细胞分化和其活性,促进成骨细胞矿化,表明他汀类有促进骨合成代谢的作用〔45〕。Oxlund等〔46〕观察了辛伐他汀对骨组织在生物力学强度上的影响,对雌性成年大鼠辛伐他汀灌胃3个月后,用纤维CT扫描观察及材料测试仪测试腰椎横断面,提示辛伐他汀组松质骨量及抗压强度较对照组明显增加,对皮质骨则影响甚微。众多研究还表明,他汀类药物能够通过增强成骨细胞BMP2基因表达增加骨生成的效果。杜建层等〔47〕研究指出,他汀类药物提高成骨细胞BMP2表达和下调IL6水平,表明对骨代谢有着促进生成和抑制吸收的双重作用。目前许多实验证明辛伐他汀等能在mRNA水平和蛋白水平促进人骨细胞(MG63)及人骨肉瘤细胞内BMP2的表达,从而刺激骨形成〔48〕。Ohnaka等〔49〕研究发现匹伐他汀可以使人类成骨细胞BMP2mRNA水平增加2.5倍,骨钙素mRNA(OC mRNA)水平增加近10倍,胞内RhoA浓度大大降低。

    总之,随着研究的进一步深入,他汀类药物发生作用的机制将进一步明确,在疾病方面的应用可能会进一步得到拓展,他汀类药物前景无限。


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