的含义。有时,对于恢复性和谐强调得更多,有时则对康复性和谐强调得更多。对于土著社会司法的官方立场倾向于强调恢复性司法,部分原因在于恢复性司法的世界性运动,以及康复性司法的复杂过程涉及个人的精神领域。
(128)karl n. llewellyn, jurisprudence: realism in theory and practice, the university of chicage press, 1962, p.445.
(129)patricia a. monture-okanee & mary e. turpel, "aboriginal peoples and canadian criminal law: rethinking justice", 26 u. brit. colum. l. rev. (1992), 239,258.
(130)mike maguire & john pointing, victims of crime: a new deal, open university press, 1988, p.7.
(131)rosemary gartner & anthony doob, "trends in criminal victimization", 14 juristat 4 (1994), 1988-1993.
(132)see generally julian roberts & renate m. mohr, confronting sexual assault: a decade of legal and social change, university of toronto press, 1994; cassia spohn & julie horney, rape law reform: a grass roots revolution and its impact, kluwer aca, 1992.
(133)see randall kennedy, race, crime and the law, vintage, 1997, p.76; robert j. sampson & janet l. lauritson, "racial and ethnic disparities in crime and criminal justice in the united states", 21 ethncity, crime & immigr. (1997), 311,312-314.
(134)see john hagan, victims before the law, 1983, pp.186-192.
(135)see michael brogden & clifford shearing, policing for a new south africa, routledge, 1993, p.5.
(136)see richard v. ericson & kevin d., haggarty, policing the risk society, university of toronto press, 1997, pp.41-46; malcolm m. feeley & johnathan simon, "the new penology: notes on the emerging strategy of corrections and its implications", 30 criminology (1992), 449; david garland, "the limits of the sovereign state", 36 brit. j. criminology(1996), 445,452-455.
(137)john braithwaite, "on speaking softly and carrying big sticks: neglected dimensions of a republican separation of powers", 47 u. toronto l.j. (1997), 305,326-334.
(138)john braithwaite & kathleen daly, "masculinities, violence and communication control ", in marina valverde etc. ed, wife assault and the canadian criminal justice system, centre of criminology, university of toronto, 1995, p.207.
(139)see generally ulrich beck, risk society: towards a new modernity, sage publications ltd, 1992, p.23.
(140)ibid., p.176.
(141)被害人研究表明,有十分之一的妇女经历过家庭暴力,这一研究在加拿大制定有关家庭暴力的政策过程中起到了十分重要的作用。see paul rock, a view from the shadows, oxford university press, 1986, p.275; n. zoe hilton, "one in ten: the struggl
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