[45] illinois central railroadv．illinois, 146 u. s. 387 , 452-453（1892)．
[46] illinois central railroadv．illinois，146 u.s. 387,453（1892)．
[47] erie r. co.v．tompkins, 304 u. s. 64 1938)．
[48] see erie r. co.v．tompkins, 304 u. s. 64, 78 (1938)．关于erie案的影响的详细论述，可参见laurence h. tribe, american constitutional law，3rd ed. new york: foundation press, 2000. 470一72.（discus-sing scope and impact of erie)．
[49] see joseph l. sax, the public trust doctrine in natural resources law: effective judicial intervention,68mich. l. rei．471（1970)．
[50] see joseph l. sax, the public trust doctrine in natural resources law: effective judicial intervention,68 mich. l. rev. 605（1970)．
[51] see, e. g.，j. b. ruhl, the metrics of constitutional amendments：and why proposed environmentalquality amendments don't measure up, 74 notre dame l. rei．245, 247（1999)．
[52] national audubon soe'y v. superior court (mono lake)，33 cal. 3d 419,658 p. 2d 709,189 cal. rptr.346，cert. denied, 464 u.s. 977(1983）．
[53] michael c. blumm＆thea schwartz, mono lake and the evolving public trust in western waters, 37ariz. l. rev. 701 ,735 (1995 )．
[54] phillips petroleum co. v. mississippi，484 u. s. 469（1988)．
[55] see san carlos apache tribev．superior court, 972 p. 2d 179，199 (ariz. 1999)．在该案中，亚利桑那州最高法院认为，公共信托理论适用与否属于州宪法问题，州立法不能对此作出规定。
[56] alexandra b. klass, modern public trust principles: recognizing rights and integrating standards,notre dame law review, vol. 82,699,728-730 (2006)．
[57]英文为state action，我国多译为“政府行为”，如有学者将state action理解为“州政府行为”，参见张千帆：“论宪法效力的界定及其对私法的影响”，《比较法研究》2004年第2期，页3;另见郑贤君：“公法价值向私法领域的再渗透—基本权利水平效力与契约自由原则”，《浙江学刊》2007年第1期，页124。也有学者将state action界定为“国家行为”，参见林来梵：《从规范宪法到宪法规范》，法律出版社1999年版，页284。然而，这种理解是片面的、有失偏颇。因为在美国纵向分权模式下，国家享有的仅仅是各州未让渡给联邦的权力，各州仍拥有相当的自主权。
[58] richard delgado, our better natures: a revisionist view of joseph sax's public trust theory of environ-mental protection, and some dark thoughts on the possibility of law reform, 44 vand. l. rei．1209, 1214（1991）.
[59] michael c. blumm, public property and the democratization of western water law: a modem view ofthe public trust doctrine, envtl. l. vol. 19, 573 , 583 ( 1989)．如在蒙大拿州，法院认为在通航水域可以提供休闲功能条件下即可适用公共信托理论。see montana coalition for stream accessv．curran, 682 p. 2d 163,170一171（m. 1984)．
[60] see hardin. the tragedy of the commons, 162 science 1243 (1968 )．
[61] rose，the tragedy of the commons: custom, commerce and inherently public property, 53 u. chi. lrev. 7

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