ications ltd, 1992, p.23.
(140)ibid., p.176.
(141)被害人研究表明,有十分之一的妇女经历过家庭暴力,这一研究在加拿大制定有关家庭暴力的政策过程中起到了十分重要的作用。see paul rock, a view from the shadows, oxford university press, 1986, p.275; n. zoe hilton, "one in ten: the struggle and disempowerment of the battered women's movement", 7 canadian j. fam. l. (1989), 313, 313-316.被害人研究还揭示,有一半的妇女遭到了婚内性侵犯,这一研究也在“强奸防治”法的合宪性问题的争论中起到了很关键的作用。regina v. seaboyer 2 s.c.r. [1991] 577,649.
(142)see kent roach, "systemic racism and criminal justice policy", 15 windsor y.b. of access to just. (1996), 236, 247-248.
(143)see generally james b. jacobs & kimberly potter, hate crimes: criminal law and identity politics, oxford university press, 1998.
(144)see, michael mandel, the charter of rights and freedoms and the legalization of politics in canada, thompson educational publishing, inc., 1994, pp.61-64.
(145)see george fletcher, with justice for some: victims' rights in criminal trials, basic books, 1995,p.152.
(146)see randall kennedy, race, crime and the law, vintage, 1997, p.311; christine boyle, "the role of equality in criminal law", 58 sask. l. rev.(1994),203,215-216.
(147)see president's task force on victims of crime, final report (1982), 114-115.
(148)ibid., 11,114-115.
(149)see lorenne clark & debra lewis, rape: the price of coercive sexuality, canadian scholars press, 1977,pp.147-158.
(150)see stuart scheingold etc., "sexual violence, victim advocacy and republican criminology: washington state's community protection act", 28 l. & soc'y rev.(1994), 729,739-741.
(151)总统犯罪被害人特别工作组建议立法机构放松否决保释的条件,废除假释制度,废除针对搜查和扣押程序侵权而采取的非法证据排除规则。在这一报告中,被害人权利却几乎都是为犯罪控制服务的,而绝口不提犯罪预防或恢复性司法。该报告强调犯罪控制的倾向可以从以下内容中看出,它建议给那些不向警察报告毒品和暴力犯罪的学校领导处以轻罪的处罚。see president's task force on victims of crime, final report(1982), 31-32.一份由加拿大联邦和省两级政府组成的犯罪被害人工作组在一年以后发表了一份报告。该报告更多地采取了一种欧洲式而非惩罚式的做法,强调被害人获得服务和补偿的需要,而对被告人正当程序权利受到的侵害却漠不关心。see foderal/provincial task force on justice for victims of crime, task force report (1983),pp.8,10-11.
(152)robert elias, victims still: the political manipulation of crime victims, new bury park, 1993,pp.2-3. see generally ezzat fattah ed., the plight of crime victims in modern society, palgrave macmillan, 1989.
(153)stuart scheingold etc., "sexual violence, victim advocacy and republican criminology: washington state's community protection act", 28 l. & soc'y rev. (1994), 759.
(15
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