on victims: incorporating 'abuse of power'", 19 rutgers l.j.(1987), 59,70.
(168)ibid., 59, 70. a.7.
(169)see john hagan, victims before the law, 1983, p.187; richard v. ericson & kevin d. haggarty, policing the risk society, university of toronto press, 1997, pp.408-409.
(170)see generally rupert ross, returning to the teachings: exploring aboriginal justice, penguin books australia ltd, 1996.
(171)see generally joe hudson, family group conferencing perspectives on policy and practice, the federation press, 1996; john braithwaite & stephen mugford, "conditions of successful reintegration ceremonies: dealing with juvenile offenders", 34 brit. j. criminology(1994), 139.
(172)see howard zehr, changing lenses, herald press, 1990, p.181; daniel van ness, "new wine and old wineskins: four challenges of restorative justice", 4 crim. l. forum(1993), 251,258.
(173)see nils christie, "conflict as property", 17 brit. j. criminology (1977), 1,10-12.
(174)see generally alan dershowitz, the abuse excuse, back bay books, 1994.
(175)howard zehr, changing lenses, herald press, 1990, p.72.
(176)see herman bianchi, justice as sanctuary, indiana university press, 1994, p.38.
(177)see carol smart, feminism and the power of law, routledge, 1989, p.47.
(178)laureen snider, "feminism, punishment and the potential of empowerment", 9 can. j.l. & soc'y (1994),75,77.
(179)ibid., 75, 77, 76.
(180)ibid., 75,77, 103.
(181)frances heidensohn, "models of justice: portia or persephone?", 14 int'l j.of the soc. of l.(1986), 287-296正如martha minow所说的那样:报应性的方法会加深仇恨和被害的感觉;相反,修复性的做法则可以帮助被害人摆脱仇恨和无助的感觉。修复性和恢复性的司法尽管与对加害人起诉、定罪和惩罚的机制不同,但同样可以确保公众知晓错误行为并对其加以谴责。恢复性司法还赋予了被害人原谅对方的权利,并由此而获得一种地位——不论被害人本人最后究竟会不会原谅加害人,这对于被害人本人的心灵愈合和不带仇恨的拥抱未来的生活都是十分有益的,正如它带给加害人的利益一样。martha minow, "between vengeance and forgiveness: feminist reponses to violent injustice", 23 new eng. l. rev.(1998), 967,969-970.
(182)see generally ruth morris, crumbling walls: why prisons fail, mosaic press, 1989; see also dianne martin, "retribution revisited: a reconsideration of feminist criminal law strategies", 36 osgoode hall l. j.(1998), 151.
(183)martha minow注意到,“大部分女权主义者并不主张对那些侵犯妇女权利或犯下其他罪行的加害人采取宽大的、恢复性司法的措施。”martha minow, "between vengeance and forgiveness: feminist reponses to violent injustice", 23 new eng. l. rev. (1998), p.974.
(184)see, e.g., payne v. tennessee, 501 u
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