中,正义的首要含义就是通过在被告人内心、被告人与被害人及其家庭之间的和解而恢复社区的和平和平衡。”murray sinclair, "aboriginal peoples, justice and the law", in richard gosse etc.. ed., continuing poundmaker's and riel's quest, purich publishing, 1994, p. 178.这一定义包括了恢复性司法和康复性司法(healing)两个方面的含义。有时,对于恢复性和谐强调得更多,有时则对康复性和谐强调得更多。对于土著社会司法的官方立场倾向于强调恢复性司法,部分原因在于恢复性司法的世界性运动,以及康复性司法的复杂过程涉及个人的精神领域。
(128)karl n. llewellyn, jurisprudence: realism in theory and practice, the university of chicage press, 1962, p.445.
(129)patricia a. monture-okanee & mary e. turpel, "aboriginal peoples and canadian criminal law: rethinking justice", 26 u. brit. colum. l. rev. (1992), 239,258.
(130)mike maguire & john pointing, victims of crime: a new deal, open university press, 1988, p.7.
(131)rosemary gartner & anthony doob, "trends in criminal victimization", 14 juristat 4 (1994), 1988-1993.
(132)see generally julian roberts & renate m. mohr, confronting sexual assault: a decade of legal and social change, university of toronto press, 1994; cassia spohn & julie horney, rape law reform: a grass roots revolution and its impact, kluwer aca, 1992.
(133)see randall kennedy, race, crime and the law, vintage, 1997, p.76; robert j. sampson & janet l. lauritson, "racial and ethnic disparities in crime and criminal justice in the united states", 21 ethncity, crime & immigr. (1997), 311,312-314.
(134)see john hagan, victims before the law, 1983, pp.186-192.
(135)see michael brogden & clifford shearing, policing for a new south africa, routledge, 1993, p.5.
(136)see richard v. ericson & kevin d., haggarty, policing the risk society, university of toronto press, 1997, pp.41-46; malcolm m. feeley & johnathan simon, "the new penology: notes on the emerging strategy of corrections and its implications", 30 criminology (1992), 449; david garland, "the limits of the sovereign state", 36 brit. j. criminology(1996), 445,452-455.
(137)john braithwaite, "on speaking softly and carrying big sticks: neglected dimensions of a republican separation of powers", 47 u. toronto l.j. (1997), 305,326-334.
(138)john braithwaite & kathleen daly, "masculinities, violence and communication control ", in marina valverde etc. ed, wife assault and the canadian criminal justice system, centre of criminology, university of toronto, 1995, p.207.
(139)see generally ulrich beck, risk society: towards a new modernity, sage publ
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