e against tobacco giant,jakartaglobe,november 19,2010.
[18][40]see osgoode hall law school,public statement on the international investment regime,31august 2010,http://www.os-goode.yorku.ca/public_statement/,2010-09-06.[19]see shane romig,argentina scores second win in world bank arbitration committee,2august 2010,http://www.tradingmar-kets.com/news/press-release/sre_-argentina-scores-second-win-in-world-bank-arbitration-committee-1082541.html,2010-08-14.
[22]《国家责任条款草案》第25条规定:“1.一国不得援引危急情况作为理由解除不遵守该国某项国际义务的行为的不法性,除非:(1)该行为是该国保护基本利益,对抗某项严重迫切危险的唯一办法;而且(2)该行为并不严重损害作为所负义务对象的一国或数国或整个国际社会的基本利益。2.一国不得在以下情况下援引危急情况作为解除其行为不法性的理由:(1)有关国际义务排除援引危急情况的可能性;或(2)该国促成了该危急情况。”
[27]see robyn briese &stephan schill,“if the state considers”:self-judging clauses in international dispute settlement,max planckyearbook of united nations law,vol.13,2009.
[29]see united states–trade measures affecting nicaragua,report by the panel,gatt doc.l/6053,13october 1986.
[31]see certain questions of mutual assistance in criminal matters(djibouti v.france),judgment,i.c.j.reports 2008,p.177.
[32]bin cheng,general principles of law as applied by international courts and tribunals,cambridge university press,2006,p.56.
[33]see unctad,geneva division on investment and enterprise,world investment report 2010:investing in a low-carbon econo-my,22july 2010,http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/wir2010_presentation_en.pdf,2010-08-29.
[35]see osgoode hall law school,public statement on the international investment regime,31august 2010,http://www.osgoode.yorku.ca/public_statement/,2010-09-06.
[36]see report of the panel,united states export restrictions,cp.3/sr22,bisd ii/28,june 8,1949;report of the panel,unitedstates—imports of sugar from nicaragua,gatt b.i.s.d.l/560,31s/67,adopted march 13,1984.
[37]参见陈安:《陈安论国际经济法学》第4卷,复旦大学出版社2008年版,第1924-1936页。
[38]实际上,wto下的必要性要求仍在通过判例法继续发展。例如,“韩国牛肉措施案”、“欧共体石棉案”及“美国赌博案”澄清了必要性检验方法的适用,尤其是合理可得的替代方法和平衡方法。并且,wto专家组和上诉机构在“巴西影响翻制轮胎措施案”中明确承认一些规制措施是互相补充的,而不是必须采取合理可得的替代措施。see benn mcgrady,necessity exceptions in wto law:retreaded tyres,regulatory purpose and cumulative regulatory measures,jiel 2009.
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